# Data on the valorisation of exhausted lime from industrial flue gas treatment for CO₂ capture and storage

### Alessandro Allegri¹, Annamaria Catalano¹, Alberto Renato de Angelis², Ernesto Roccaro², Maria Chiara Bignozzi³, Stefania Albonetti¹

## Affiliations
¹ Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, 40136, Bologna, Italy

² ENI S.p.A. Research and Technological Innovation Department, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy

³ Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, 40136, Bologna, Italy

Contact person: Alessandro Allegri - alessandro.allegri2@unibo.it

Licensing: This dataset is distributed under a **CC BY 4.0** license.

Pubblication year: **2026**


## Dataset content

This dataset consists of a .zip compressed file containing the following:

- "tests.csv"
- "xrd.csv"
- "reactions" folder containing:
	- "Q_C026.csv"
	- "Q_C036.csv"
	- "Q_C037.csv"
	- "Q_C038.csv"
	- "Q_C039.csv"
	- "Q_C040.csv"
	- "Q_C041.csv"
	- "Q_C047.csv"
	- "Q_C048.csv"
- "tga" folder containing:
	- "TGA_C026.csv"
	- "TGA_C036.csv"
	- "TGA_C037.csv"
	- "TGA_C038.csv"
	- "TGA_C039.csv"
	- "TGA_C040.csv"
	- "TGA_C041.csv"
	- "TGA_C047.csv"
	- "TGA_C048.csv"
	- "TGA_Sample1.csv"
- "dataset_INFO.txt

## File specifics

All csv files are UTF-8 encoded, with comma "," as field delimiter.

## Dataset documentation

### Abstract

The present repository contains the data pertaining to the valorisation of hazardous residues from Air Pollution Control (APC) units of the ceramic industry. In particular, different batches of exhausted lime collected from different ceramic production plants are presented by their phase composition and granulometry. Their application for CO₂ mineralization is then presented via both batch and semi-continuous approaches. Finally, the characterization of the carbonation products is presented. 

### Content of the files:

- file "tests.csv" contains a list of the carbonation tests:
	- "Sample" is the code given to the specific carbonation test;
	- "Substrate" is the code given to the spent lime batch used to carry out the test;
	- "Setup" is the kind of experimental setup used to carry out the test, either batch or semi-continuous;
	- "Slurry concentration (wt%)" is the slurry concentration, in % by weight;
	- "Gas" is the composition of the input gas; either the atmosphere for batch tests or the gas blend for semi-continuous tests;
	- "Pressure (bar)" is the operating pressure, in bar; relevant only for batch tests;
	- "Flow (NmL/min)" is the input gas flow, in mL/min at normal conditions; relevant only for semi-continuous tests;

- file "xrd.csv" contains the powder XRD diffractograms of the different materials:
	- "Bragg Angle (°2θ)" is the measurement angle, expressed as 2θ degrees;
	- Each subsequent column is named after the sample it pertains to and reports the measured intensity, in arbitrary units;

- "reactions" folder contains the reaction profiles of the semi-continuous tests:
	- all the files in this folder are named after the material they pertain to, with the naming scheme being "Q_X.csv" where X is the sample name; 
	- "Time (h)" is the reaction time, in h;
	- "X CO2 (%)" is the CO₂ conversion, in %;
	- "Q CO2 (g/L)" is the amount of captured CO₂, in grams per litre of slurry;

- "tga" folder contains the TGA measurements carried out on some key materials:
	- all the files in this folder are named after the material they pertain to, with the naming scheme being "TGA_X.csv" where X is the sample name; 
	- "Temperature (°C)" is the measured temperature, in °C;
	- "Weight (%)" is the relative sample weight measured, as a percentage of the initial weight;
	- "Weight loss rate (%/°C)" is the derivative of "Weight (%)" over "Temperature (°C)";
	
- file "dataset_INFO.txt" contains a brief bibliographic reference to the present dataset.
	

### Methods

Batch reactions were carried out by loading in a 250 mL stainless steel autoclave an appropriate amount of the substrate material along with distilled water to achieve a total of 100 g of the target slurry concentration. The autoclave was then sealed, connected to the stirring motor, purged with nitrogen and loaded with 30 bar of pure CO₂. After 20 min had elapsed, the autoclave was unloaded and the material was recovered by filtration and dried at 110 °C.
Reactions in a semi-continuous setup were carried out by loading in a 250 mL stainless steel autoclave an appropriate amount of the substrate material along with distilled water to achieve a total of 100 g of the target slurry concentration. The autoclave was then sealed, connected to the stirring motor, purged with a nitrogen flow and finally subjected to the appropriate flow of diluted CO₂. The diluted CO₂ flow was achieved by independently operating two mass flow controllers connected to pure CO₂ and pure N₂ cylinders. The outflow from the autoclave was then directed to a moisture trap and then to an online Agilent 8890 GC equipped with a sampling valve and a thermal conductivity detector to monitor the gas composition. The reaction was interrupted after CO₂ concentration in the outflow had reached the same composition as the input flow.

## Notes

The data are presented and discussed in the paper "Valorisation of exhausted lime from industrial flue gas treatment for CO2 capture and storage" by Alessandro Allegri, Annamaria Catalano, Alberto Renato de Angelis, Ernesto Roccaro, Maria Chiara Bignozzi, and Stefania Albonetti, published in the journal Waste Management (2026, DOI 10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115851)

## Funding
This work was supported by the Emilia-Romagna region (2023-20090/RER-6 - CUP: J19J23000730002)